— 1 Introduction Concrete is a sustainable and versatile construction material which can produce structures that last for thousands of years Due to the many areas of application concrete is the second most consumed material on Earth only after water with a global production of around billion tons of cement in 2021 Statista
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— Coal fly ash hereafter termed fly ash is a by product of the combustion of bituminous sub bituminous or lignite coals which are burnt in coal fired thermal power plants to generate electricity Gupta et al 2004; Jala and Goyal 2006 Coal is still the most widely used source of energy for electricity generation in the world making up around 40% of
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— For example fly ash with a high carbon content above 10% can lead to porous concrete that is weak because of trapped air pockets Using the stuff recovered from long term storage ponds isn t
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— In addition to various pollutant gases viz SO x and NO x fly ash forms a major part of the exhaust gases from coal based thermal power plants and if not managed properly may result in significant environmental pollution He et al 2012 This is due to the presence of various heavy metals As Ba Cr Se Hg etc and adsorbed or
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— Based on the chemical and mineralogical composition fly ash is commonly classified as Class F or Class C [82] Class F fly ash is characterized by a total Si 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 and Al 2 O 3 content greater than 70% and a CaO content less than 5%; the percentage of unburned carbon is generally high at ≥% and up to 12% Class F ash is
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— Coal fly ash CFA is a type of solid waste produced in the process of coal combustion which is rich in silicon oxide aluminum oxide and a small number of heavy metals and radioactive elements Therefore CFA is considered a secondary resource with high recovery value Currently CFA is mainly reused in the fields of building materials
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— Quality control is key to ensuring long term consistency and standard compliance of the fly ash produced Depending on the installations in the power plant different setups of quality control can be feasible Disposal and market sources In the past fly ash produced from coal combustion was entrained in flue gases and dispersed into the
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— However fly ash from coal fired power plants is a suitable substitute for a portion of the Portland cement used in most concrete mixtures In fact substituting fly ash for 20% to 25% of the
— Due to rapid development and urbanization electricity demand is increasing daily Coal based thermal power plants are one of the major sources of electricity A by product of thermal power plants is fly ash; every year huge amounts of fly ash are generated globally Disposal of fly ash in landfills needs a vast area and poses various
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— Fly ash is used as a supplementary cementitious material SCM to produce Portland cement concrete Fly ash when used as SCM contributes to properties of hardened concrete through pozzolanic and/or hydraulic activity Fly ash has been used in concrete ranging from 15 to 25% by mass and high dosage of 40 60% can be used in
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— Due to rapid development and urbanization electricity demand is increasing daily Coal based thermal power plants are one of the major sources of electricity A by product of thermal power plants is fly ash; every year huge amounts of fly ash are generated globally Disposal of fly ash in landfills needs a vast area and poses various
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— Class C and F fly ashes were used in this research project Currently more than 50% of the concrete placed in the contains fly ash Dosage rates vary depending on the type of fly ash and its reactivity level Typically Class F fly ash is used at dosages of 15% to 25% by mass of cementitious material and Class C fly ash at 15% to 40%
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— The coal fired power plant produces a by product called as fly ash Large quantity of fly ash is generated throughout the world and storage as well as disposal of this menace is a serious ecological problem Presently ash dams or similar dumps are used to store majority of unused fly ash
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