— Meta analysis and other statistical methods were used to evaluate how changes in soil organic carbon SOC content in post mining soils are related to different factors; the data were obtained from 17 studies covering 93 temperate post mining sites in the Northern Hemisphere that had been revegetated by forest or grassland either by
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— 1 Introduction Energy Information Agency EIA estimated that USA holds trillion cubic meters of proved shale gas reserves Large scale shale gas production was started around 2000 in USA when shale gas production became a commercial success in the Barnett Shale located in north central Texas [1] In 2010 the production at Barnett
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— Hydraulic fracturing is a technique used to enable the extraction of natural gas or oil from shale and other forms of tight rock
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— Mining Roughly 500 km 2 of the 140 000 km 2 oil sands deposit in Northern Alberta is currently undergoing surface mining activity This is about 3% of total oil sands surface area or 20% of oil sands reserves Surface mining uses truck and shovel technology to move sand saturated with bitumen from the mining area to an extraction
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— During refining of crude shale oil coking hydrotreating distillation hydrocracking catalytic cracking or reforming may be the procedures involved to extract usable fractions from the crude
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— In this paper we develop a multiscale model reduction technique that describes shale gas transport in fractured media Due to the pore scale heterogeneities and processes we use upscaled models to describe the matrix We follow our previous work Akkutlu et al Transp Porous Media 107 1 235 260 2015 where we derived an
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The fluid properties for fracturing as well as the equipment and methods required to complete fracturing operations are discussed in detail A section is provided to highlight the key calculations related to fracturing operations to provide a sound understanding of the requirements The exploitation of oil shale involves mining after which
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— The term oil shale is often described as a misnomer in that the organic component is primarily kerogen not oil and the mineral matrix is not necessarily clay mineral rich but can include a variety of different phases Miknis and McKay 1983 Oil shales are essentially a type of petroleum source rock the key differences being that 1
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— Since 2013 open pit mining has been discontinued by the local government and the Maoming oil shale mining area has progressively moved into a stage of ecological restoration and control except for the problems of illicit mining From 2013 to 2016 a series of ecological restoration projects were initiated in the Maoming mining area
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— This comprehensive review presents a holistic examination of oil shale as a significant energy resource focusing on its global reserves extraction technologies chemical characteristics economic considerations and environmental implications Oil shale boasting reserves equivalent to approximately 6 trillion barrels of shale oil
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A permit is required to conduct any mining activities Permit area includes mining and support areas facilities and roads Permits are also required for exploration activities A large noncoal mining permit does not expire and does not require renewal An operator of a noncoal mining permit must be licensed
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— By joining a mining pool and pooling your hashing power you could earn more money than if you were mining alone Mining pools typically employ a coordinator to organize their miners thus minimizing the likelihood of mistakes When the mining pool discovers a new block they split the rewards between the participants according to their
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